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HomeMy WebLinkAbout01.01 Biological EvaluationBIOLOGICAL EVALUATION TEEPEE PARK TIMBER I IARVEST PROJECT Road Construction on White River National Forest Rifle Ranger District DRAFT The preparation of this Biological Evaluation is based on sThis evaluation is contingent documentation the Rifle a e Ranger District and communications with other Biologist survey of the project area in May of 1995, weather permitting, to confirm all conclusions. Kim Potter Biologist 440 East 7th Street Rifle, CO 81650 (303) 625-3713 BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION TEEPEE PARK TIMBER HARVEST PROJECT Road Construction on White River National Forest Rifle Ranger District DRAFT 1. Introduction Forest Service Manual (FSM), Region 2 supplement number 2600-94-2 (effective March 21, 1994) states policy regarding Biological Evaluations in FSM 2672.4 as follows: " As part of the NEPA decision making process, review proposed Forest Service programs or activities in sufficient detail to determine how an action or proposed action will affect any species which is listed under the Endangered Species Act, proposed for such federal listing, or designated in Region 2 as sensitive". This biological evaluation analyses the potential effects of the proposed Forest Service road reconstruction on Federally Listed Species (Table 1), Forest Service Region 2 Sensitive species and Federal Candidate species. Thirty-two vertebrate and three plant sensitive species are 1) . known to occur on the District based on confirmed sightings, 2) may occur on the district based on unconfirmed sightings or 3) potential habitat exists for the species on the Rifle Ranger District (Table 2). Table 1. FEDERALLY LISTED SPI:CIIS The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) provided the following list of endangered species on Nw_en3ber ?g.. l 99`1— -- .SPECIES SCIENTIFIC NAME I(11aliaeetrrs lerrcocephalrrs) I(Falco peregrines) L(Empidonrax lraillii exlinres) (Gila elegan.$) (Gila elegans) L(Ptychncheihrs lncius) L(,k'yrarrchen lexanes) * Proposed Endangered on July 23, 1993. SPECIES COMMON NAl\'IE BALD EAGLE PEREGRINE FALCON SOUTHWESTERN WILLOW FLYCATCIIER* BONYTAIL CI IUB IIUMPI3ACK CI1Ut COLORADO SQUAWFISII RAZORBACK SUCKER Table 2. USDA Forest Service sensitive species either occurring or potentially occurring on the Rif e RstngeL. i tflct o[,t11e WhIteRive[ Nattoila Forest. SPECIES SCIENTIFIC NAME S►dlivantia hapemanii var. pur ►Lii Pen.stemor► har•rir►gtor►ii Astragalus ►I'etherillii nrrcorhynch►is clarki pleuriticu.v Rana pipier►.s Amhystoma ti�num R►lfo horeas horeas Martes amer•icaca Gulo gulo luscus Felis lynx canadensis Bassariscus asiutus Plecolus townsendii Myotis thysar►odes pahasapen.sis Sorex nanu.s Lutra canaden.si.s Gavin' immer Rotaurus le►tiginosus Plegadis cluhi Pandio►r haliaelrris AccipiteLgWL lis Ruteo regalis Falco columharius Grus canadensis OIusflamnreolus Aegolius fimereus Chlidonias ►►igen Cypseloides r►iger Melanetpes leiyi Picoides iridactylus Conlupus borealis Progne subis Regulus sairapa Silta pygmaea Lanius /udovicianus Pas.serella iliaca SPECIES CONI MON NAME iiABI.1'AT 1 lapeman's coolwort 11arrington's penstemon Wetherill iuilkvetcli Colo. River cutthroat trout Northern Leopard frog tiger salamander western boreal toad American marten North American wolverine North American lynx ringtail Townsend's big -eared bat fringed -tailed myotis dwarf shrew river otter common loon American bittern white-faced ibis osprey Northern goshawk ferniginous hawk merlin greater sandhill crane flammulated owl boreal owl black tern black swift Lewis' woodpecker Northern three -toed woodpecker olive -sided flycatcher purple martin golden -crowned kinglet pygmy nuthatch loggerhead shrike fox sparrow 1I 11 r_ F, G G A, D, G D D D B, 1-1 13 B, D, G F F G G C, F A,D 11 D, G E, G D D 0 13 D D A, C, D, E A, E, F, G D D II C, E HABITAT KEY: A=Aspen B=Clift/Rock/Scree C=Cottonwood/Riparian D=Conifer Forest E=Headwaters/Willow Riparian F=Lakes/Rivers G=Marsh/Wetlands/Beaver Complexes I1=Pinyon- Juniper/Sage I=Limestone Drips/Rock II. Proposed Action Teepee Park Timber I larvest Project would use Forest Service road 824 to reach the private land on which the timber is found. The proposed action is reconstruction of approximately 5,000 feet of Forest Service road 824. This site is located in the Beaver Creek drainage south of the Colorado River near Rifle, Colorado. It is located in sections 24 and 25 (T7n R94w) of the North Malum Peak tJ.S.G.S. Topographical map. This action will move the road west and farther away from the riparian aspect of Beaver Creek. The elevation of this area ranges from 8,160 to 8,800 feet. The habitat consists of aspen (Populus trcmuloic/cs), l:nglemann spruce (Picea e,igehnan►►ii) and subalpine fir (Albies lasincarl)a). Serviceben ti' (A mclanchier spp.) and snowberry (S'y►nj>horicznpos oreophilus) is also present. III. Alternatives Alternative la: No action. This alternative would allow natural processes to occur, there would be no new Impacts. Alternative lb: Proposed Action. Sec above. Alternative lc: Allow use of Forest Service road as it now exists. Because ()Idle location and the poor condition of the road water quality would be affected due to sedimentation from runoff water. Riparian aspect as a whole would be affected. IV. Species Information on FEDERALLY LISTED SPFCIIS. No critical habitat for any Federally listed threatened or endangered species is known to occur within the White River National Forest. The following narratives provide background information on the six federally listed endangered species identified by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on November 28, 1994. The proposed • Southwestern Willow Flycatcher is also included. Bald eagle (Ilaliaeelus leucncephahis) Family: Accipitridae Status: • Threatened The Bald Eagle was listed as Endangered in 1978 and in October 1994 was down listed to Threatened because of its population recovery. Bald eagles are winter residents on the White River National Forest with no documented active nests or roosts. In the fall, bald eagles may use large wetland complexes throughout the forest, including Targe lakes, as migration stopover sites, where they feed primarily on fish and waterfowl. During the winter, when these areas freeze, bald eagles will utilize lower elevation riparian corridors, where they feed on fish, waterfowl and carrion. They may get up to the lower elevations of National Forest during their hunting forays. It is not anticipated that any adverse impacts to bald eagles will occur due to the absence of any documented nesting or roosting sites. The proposed action will have no effect on this threatened species. Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus auatuni) Family: Falconidae Status: Endangered Peregrine falcons are known to occur throughout Western Colorado. On the White River National Forest, historic unoccupied peregrine eyries and associated foraging habitats occur throughout the forest where conditions are suitable. Peregrines nest on high precipitous cliffs and river gorges. Peregrines will utilize riparian habitat and other areas with an abundant avian prey base for hunting. Peregrines have been sighted on the district during summer and fall months, on the western end in Wallace Creek watershed. in 1992 a pair of birds was documented on Sopris Ranger District during nesting season. No eyrie was documented. One active eyrie occurs immediately adjacent to the western boundary oldie forest on IBI.iv1 lands. With the curtailment of pesticide use and successful peregrine reintroduction efforts in Colorado, the potential for nesting forest will increase. There have been no peregrine sightings in the proposed project area. The project area does not have any potential nesting habitat of rocky cliffs or river gorges. The proposed action will have no effect on this endangered species. Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (E» y►idu►►tu.v trnillii erti►tuts) Family: Tryannidae Status: Proposed endangered 7/23/93 The southwestern willow flycatcher is a riparian obligate neotropical migrant, nesting in cottonwood -willow associations and structurally similar riparian vegetation associations. The southwestern willow flycatcher has declined through the twentieth century, primarily due to a number of factors, including loss and fragmentation of riparian habitat, brood parasitism by brownheaded cowbirds, invasion of riparian habitat by the exotic tamarisk and predation. This flycatcher breeds in riparian habitats of dense multi -storied riparian vegetation. Surface water or saturated soil is virtually always present. To date, no nest sites have been found located along streams of steep gradient, characterized by almost continual riffles, rapids, falls or other cataracts. They build nests and lay eggs in late May and early June. The southwestern willow flycatcher is an insectivore. It forages within and sometimes above dense riparian vegetation, taking insects on the wing and gleaning them from foliage. There is no documentation of the southwestern willow flycatcher on the Rifle Ranger District. The project area does not meet the riparian or surface water requirements of the southwestern willow flycatcher, therefore the proposed action will have no effect on this proposed endangered species. Endangered Fishes The Endangered status of these fishes can be primarily attributed to the construction and operation of large dams and reservoirs, beginning in the 1950's, with subsequent changes in flow and temperature regimes. In addition, a variety of land -use practices, primarily channelization and lower instream flows eliminated access to historic backwater spawning and nursery areas. The introduction of exotic sportfish species by state agencies within the basin also exacerbated the decline oldie endangered fishes through inter -specific competition and predation. At present, water depletions in the upper Colorado River basin have been recognized as a major adverse impact on remaining populations and their habitats. The four endangered fishes occur in the Colorado River downstream of the westernmost boundary of the White River National Forest. Information on remnant population locations, important habitats, and life history are as follows: Colorado Squawfish (Ptychocheilus lucius) 1967. Historic range of the Colorado The Colorado squawfish was listed as Endangered on March 11, squawfish included the main channels and major tributaries of the Colorado River basin. Present distribution of this species is restricted to the upper Colorado River system above Glen Canyon Dam. in the Colorado River, the squawfish occurs from the upper end of Lake Powell upstream to Price Stubs Dam (near Palisade, CO.) (Holden and Wick 1982; Miller et al 1982b; Tyus et al. 1987; Wick et al. 1985; Archer et al. 1985 in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1991). In general, squawfish are adapted to large riverine systems with seasonal variable flow, high silt Toads, and turbulence. Adult squawfish utilize a variety of habitats, including shoreline areas. e shallow,ring ubnoff adu areas large backwater areas. Young -of -the -year (Y -O -Y) and juvenilesquawfish with as silt or sand bottom and little or no current (Haines and TYUS at 9th0;seHolden lifd stages 1973; Holden pai and Sty raker 1975a in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1991). Food preference of zooplankton and insect larvae in Y -O -Y, switching to mainly fish as juveniles. At reaching the adult stage, squawfish are almost exclusively piscivorous (Holden 1973; Holden and Twedt 1980; Holden and Wick 1982; Vanicek and Kramer, 1969 in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1991). Squawfish utilize cobble bottomed areas with swift currents and deep, slow -water pools for spawning. Spawning occurs in late June and July when water temperaturesoccave reached 20 degrees C for a few f from the Black Rocks area of RubyaCanyon Spawning on the mainstream, Colorado River is suspected t (approximately 25 miles downstream of Grand Junction, CO.) upstream to Loma, CO; and from Grand Junction le upstream to Clifton, Co (Archer et al. 1985). Presence of larval squawfish aer fothensGand sueen Rive) ai spawning habitat has been also documented near Cataract Canyon (below the in Professor Valley upstream of the confluence with the Green River (Archer et al. 1985). Prior to 1965, the primary reason for population declines of Colorado squawfish throughout the Colorado River basin was the constntction and operation of major dams. Sgi'l`o►i `'° not of Colorado squawfish i avoid cold, clear tailwaters below dams. (Ilolden and Wick, 1982). Reasons free-flowing sections of the upper basin can be attributed to long -periods of altered flows due to darn operations and subsequent poor reproduction success in downstream areas. Other mechanisms which may have exacerbated altered flow conditions (during all or some years) and which may have contributed to additional population declines include; the introduction of non-native fish species into squawfish habitat (predation), loss of spawning and backwater rearing habitats, and changes in water quality (Si wl when rearing of squawfish). tiy and t am flows which lower or dewater backwater habitats during the period of time juveniles occur is especially significant in the " 1 5 -mile" reach of the Colorado River from Price Stubs clam to the Colorado -Utah border. Pursuant to the criteria identified in the "Colorado Squawfish Recovery Plan" (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1991) down listing would be considered when the reach from Palisade, Co downstream to Lake Powell on the Colorado River has been documented as maintaining a self-sustaining population. The Colorado squawfish does not occur within the project area. The proposed action will have no effect on this endangered species. Bonytail chub (Gila elegans) The bonytail chub was listed as Endangered in April, 1980. I Iistoric distribution included the main channels and larger tributaries of the Colorado River system. Present distribution and abundance of the bonytail chub in the upper Colorado River Basin has been described by Holden and Stalnaker (1975) and Tyus et al. (1982b, 1987). The upper limit of bonytail distribution on the Colorado River is from the Black Rocks area of Ruby Canyon (Kaeding et al. 1986). Juvenile bonytails have been collected from Desolation Canyon (Green River) and Cataract Canyon (Colorado River) (Ilolden, 1978 and Valdez, 1985 in (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1990). Bonytail recniitment in the upper Colorado River basin has been identified as "nonexistent" or "extremely low" (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1990). Little is known of the ecology of bonytail chubs due to only few, senile individuals which remain in the wild. Bonytail chubs have always been considered a mainstream big -river fish species that occupy pools and eddies rather than areas with more current. Diet consists of primarily aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates. Spawning occurs when river temperatures reach approximately. 18 degrees C. Critical habitat for this species has not been identified due to the little information available relative to bonytail reproduction and ecological requirements. The USFWS has ranked the bonytail chub as "5C or "a high degree of threat and a low recovery potential for a species which is in conflict with some of economic activity" The bonytail chub does not occur within the project area. The proposed action will have no effect on this species. Razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus) The razorback sucker was listed as Endangered on October 23, 1991. Historic range of the razorback sucker in the upper Colorado River basin was similar to that of the bonytail and squawlish but was always more common within the lower basin. At present, razorbacks have been documented in the Green River (below its confluence with the Yampa River), and the mainstem Colorado River upstream from the confluence of the Green River to De Beque, CO (approximately 30 miles upstream of Grand Junction, CO) (Behnke and Benson 1980). In 1991, razorback suckers were collected near Rifle, CO from a gravel pit once hydraulically connected to the Colorado River (K. Rose, pers. comm.). Unique morphological characteristics of the razorback sucker suggest it is adapted to a large riverine system with turbulent flows. However, in the upper Colorado River basin the majority of razorback captures have been in low velocity, off -channel areas. Radio -telemetry studies indicate razorbacks utilize run habitats near shoreline in the spring, and sandy bottomed backwaters during the summer ("I'yus, 1987). Food consists primarily of small invertebrates and organic debris on the bottom. Spawning occurs within low velocity backwaters over gravel substrate where predation by non-native fish species may contribute to low survival. Spawning occurs when river temperatures range from 12-16 degrees C. Major reasons for the decline of the razorback sucker include the alteration of habitats below dams due to changes in flow and temperature regimes. Under historic conditions high flows associated with spring runoff resulted in overbank conditions on most of the rivers within the basin including the mainstem Colorado River. This provided extensive off -stream habitats that had major water temperatures and provided both spawning and rearing habitat for razorbacks. Hence historic flows have been significantly reduced due to water diversions and therefore, the amount of available habitat also. Coupled with predation on young razorbacks by non-native fish species in remaining habitat, and many other secondary impacts from alteration of historic conditions, this species is in serious jeopardy of extinction. The razorback chub does not occur within the project area. The proposed action will have no effect on this species. HIumpback chub (Gila cypha) The humpback chub was listed as Endangered in March, 1967. Humpback chubs were the last of the Colorado . Therefore, little is known of its historic River fishes to be described in the scientific literature (Miller, 1946). distribution within the Colorado River system. At present, humpback chubs occur in the upper Colorado River. The highest known concentration are located in the Black Rocks area of Ruby Canyon and Westwater Canyon reaches near the Colorado -Utah state line. (Valdez1981; Wicket al. 1981; Valdez and Clemmer 1982; and Archer et al. 1985 in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1990). In addition, humpback chubs have been documented from: Cataract Canyon (above the inflow to Lake Powell), Professor Valley (upstream of Moab, Utah); Elephant Canyon (approximately 2 miles above the confluence with the Green Fiver); and in the inflow area of Lake Powell (USFWS unpub. data; Valdez 1987, 1988 in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1990). 1lumpback chubs are found in a variety of habitats but have primarily been documented in areas associated with fast currents, deep pools, and boulders. In the Black Rocks and Westwater Canyon areas, adults inhabit deep, swift riverine habitats but use smaller zones within this area with lower water velocities. Humpbacks are primarily bottom feeders but will feed on both aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates which occur throughout the water column. (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1990). Little information is available relative to spawning requirements of the humpback chub. Although spawning has not been documented, the presence of juvenile humpbacks in Cataract Canyon sampling efforts support the Theory that suitable habitat was in close proximity. Spawning ► thought when water temberatu es app approach in back waters which are associated with proffered deep canyon habitats degrees C. These water temperatures normally coincide with spring runoff conditions (Valdez and Clemmer, 1982). As with the other three Colorado River endangered fishes, declines in humpback chub populations are the result of habitat alterations from construction and operation of the upper and lower basin dams. In addition, existing populations in the upper basin appear to be adversely im''ht otlted f ►flowom ,reducltions on and alteredwith (temperat ire tail chubs (Valdez and Clemmer, 1982). This hybridization has increased w t patterns which shifted roundtail distribution downstream to where humpback chub populations occur. The humpback chub does not occur within the project area. The proposed action will have no effect on this species. Endangered Fishes Federally listed Endangered Colorado squawfish, humpback chub, bonytail chub, and razorback sucker occur in the Colorado River downstream of the westernmost boundary of the White River National Forest. They do not occur on the Rifle Ranger District or within the project area. The Proposed road reconstruction will move the existing road west and further away from Beaver Creek. Construction of an improved road, proper maintenance, and obliteration of the existing road should decrease sedimentation and siltation overflow in Beaver Creek. V. Species Descriptions of Federally Listed and Region 2 Sensitive Species. The following narratives provide natural history, habitat requirements and background information on the USDA Forest Service sensitive species listed in Table 2.Candidate species which (lo occur within the forest boundries, and which may become eligible for listing as Threatened or Endangered under the federal Endangered Species Act are addressed. Abbreviations are as follows: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), Federal Candidate Category 2 (C2), State of Colorado (CO), Region 2 (R2). llapeman's coolwort (Sullivantia hapeivanni var. purpusii) Family: Saxifragaceae Status: R2: sensitive This western Colorado plant is an endemic species. It is confined to sites where drips from steep walls deposit limestone (travertine). Many members of this family, saxifrages, are rock garden plants and grow, in nature, in rocky crevices. Harrington (1954) describes this species as "apparently limited to westcentral and southwestern Colorado", and reports a few records from about 7,000-7,500 feet in wet rocks. During his floristic survey of the White River Plateau conducted during the growing seasons of 1990 and 1991, Vanderhorst (1993) described three populations on the White River Plateau, including one in Glenwood Canyon. There is no suitable habitat in the project area, therefore there will be no impact on this species. Ilarrington's penstemon (Penstoinen harringtonii) Family: Scrophulariaceae Status: R.2: sensitive I-Iarrington's penstemon occurs on pinyon pine, juniper and sagebrush slopes of the upper Colorado and Eagle River Valleys, mostly in Grand and Eagle counties. There are no pinyon -juniper or sagebrush habitats in the project area, therefore there will be no impact on this species. Wetherill millcvetch (Astragalus r►�etherillii) Fancily: Fabaceae Status: C2;122: sensitive Wetherill milkvetcli is a plant documented on the (;rand I logback of the White River Plateau. It grows at an elevation of 4,600 to 7,700 feet, in sagebrush, oal:brush, and pinyon -juniper communities in the Wasatch and Mancos formations. It appears to be adapted for distributed areas usually associated with mining or some other major activity. There is no suitable habitat in the project area, therefore there will be no impact on this species. Colorado River cutthroat trout (()ncorhpnchu.S clurhi plc'uritic•us) Family: Salmonidae Status: FWS: C2; 12.2: sensitive The Colorado River cutthroat inhabits several drainages of the White River on the Rifle Ranger District. This trout species prefers cold, clear streams, typically at elevations above 7,000 feet, with gradients greater than 4% The streams have high quality water and cobble -boulder -gravel substrates. Average daily flow rates are low, under 30 cubic feet per second. In thin -water streams such as these, water depth becomes critical if the trout are to have cover. The better cutthroat streams either have a good balance of pool to riffle ratios naturally, or have an active beaver population. Beavers on these streams are important to cutthroat survival through the building of dams which provide cover and retain water in these low -flow streams. The cutthroat spawn from April to June when the water temperature reaches about 45 degrees F. They may migrate to suitable spawning sites at that time. There is no documentation of Colorado River cutthroat trout in heaver Creek. With proper maintenance, there should be no sedimentation into the creek from the improved road. There will be no impact on this species. Northern leopard frog (Rana pipieus) Family: Ranidae Status: 142: sensitive The Northern leopard frog inhabits banks and shallow portions of marshes, ponds, lakes, reservoirs, beaver ponds and streams, especially those with rooted aquatic vegetation, up to 11,000 feet in elevation. Breeding pools contain mats of algae and clear water. Eggs are laid in emergent vegetation in shallow water often on the north side of ponds. Eggs are laid from April thru July. Frogs emerge from winter retreats in March and remain active through November or October. Leopard frog habitat in the project area will not be negatively affected by the proposal, as the improved road will not be located in riparian habitat. There will be no impact on this species. Tiger salamander (Aurhyslonur ligriiuuu) Family: Ambystomatidae Status: R2: sensitive The tiger salamander inhabits still water (temporary and permanent) up to 12,000 feet. They prefer ponds 18 to 24 inches deep, in a sunny location with a muddy bottom and with beach -like shores. Vegetation may or may not be present. Tiger salamanders are usually absent from water containing fish, bullfrogs, turtles and crayfish. Adult salamanders spend much time in burrows of ground squirrels and gophers. They breed from April thru July and lay eggs on vegetation in small clusters, 2 to 10 inches below the pond surface. There is no suitable habitat in the project area, therefore there will be no impact on this species. Western boreal toad (Bufo borer's horcas) Fancily: Bufonidae Status: FWS: C2; R2: sensitive Boreal western toads are most common between 8,500 and 1 1,000 feet where they inhabit marshes, wet meadows, and the margins of streams, beaver ponds, lakes and glacial kettle ponds in subalpine areas of Colorado. Females move to drier areas after the breeding season, which begins in late spring, with eggs deposited late may or June. Boreal toads have not been documented in the project area or the nearby Beaver creek habitat. There will be no impact on the western boreal toad. American Hearten (Hades americana) Family: Mustelidae Status: FWS: C2;122: sensitive; CO: endangered The marten inhabits dense, mature spruce, fir and lodgepole pine forests; they will also inhabit tundra rock.piles and talus slopes in the summer. Elevations range from 7,000 to 13,000 feet but mostly areas above 9,000 feet. Large openings are avoided. Martens are associated with a high percentage of -canopy cover. Dens are located in hallow logs. Normal home range is 1 square mile for males and 1/4 square mile fur females, although they may range as far as 15 miles. Martens mate during July and August with young born in April. They eat chiefly red squirrels and other small mammals but will vary diet with insects, birds, fruits and nuts. There is no suitable habitat in the project area, therefore there will be no impact on this species. North American wolverine (Gulo gulu Inset's) Fancily:.Mustelidae Status: FWS: C2;112: sensitive; CO: endangered Wolverine inhabit tundra, blue spruce, Douglas fir, Bristlecone pine, and white lir forests near timberline and use timbered ridges and creek bottoms for traveling. They den in rocky areas, caves, logs or snags. The wolverine requires large areas with little human activity, having a home range of 80 square miles and the capability to travel 30 miles in one day. Wolverine do not hibernate and breed from April to August. One litter of 2 or 3 young are born every 2 or 3 years. The wolverine is both a scavenger and a hunter, feeding on carcasses, small and large mammals and birds. There is no suitable habitat in the project area and there will be no impact on the species. North American lynx (polis lynx catutrlett.sis) Family: Felidae Status: FSW: C2; R2: sensitive; CO: endangered fir, larch, Lynx inhabit dense boreal forest types with sufficient snowshoe hare populations including, spruce, pines, birch, and occasionally into attic and alpine tundra. Lynx are associated with rocky outcrops, bogs and thickets at elevations of 9,000 to 12,000 feet. Lynx den in rocks, Follow trees, dense windfalls and natural cavities in the ground; however, suitable dell sites are considered a limiting Tactor. Lynx breed Dom March to July the year following birth, and have litters of 1 to 4 kits. 1 Iistorically, lynx were found throughout the majority of the White River National Forest above 9,000 feet. Lynx have recently been documented near Vail, Colorado, with the most likely population to occur in the triangle from approximately Vail-Leadville-Aspen. Current management philosophy is to maintain adequate Benning habitat and manage for healthy prey populations of snowshoe hare (70% or more of diet). The proposed action will have no impact on lynx, as there have not been any historical documentation of lynx in the project area. Ringtail (13nssariscus nslutus) Family: Bassariscidae Status: R2: sensitive The ringtail inhabits chaparral areas, rock ridges, and cliffs near water. Ringtails den in caves or crevices along cliffs, in hollow trees, under rock piles or in unused buildings. They feed chiefly on small mammals, insects, birds and fruits but will also eat lizards and various invertebrates. They are nocturnal and may be partially colonial, usually two ( a Pair) together. Young are born in May and June in rocky crevices or caves with litter size of 1 to 5 (usually 3 or 4 ). One litter is born per year. There is no suitable habitat in the project area, therefore, there will be no impact on this species. Townsend's big -eared bat (Plecntus temnseutlii) Family: l'licrochiroptera Status: FWS: C2; R2: sensitive The Townsend's big -eared bat is found in buildings, mine tunnels, caves and crevices and pinyon -juniper areas in Colorado. This bat roosts in caves or rocky cliff crevices, to elevations of 9,5000 feet. It is necessary for their roosts to be in areas with stable low temperatures and moderate to strong airflow. They do not make major migrations and appear to be relatively sedentary, as most distances travelled from summer foraging areas to winter hibernation sites are short. Mating occurs from October through February with young born from April to July. They hibernate from October to April; bats are very vulnerable during hibernation and birth, and hucms and disturbance during these times can be fatal. They feed mainly on small moths but may also eat beetles, wasps. Townsend's big -eared bats have been recorded in Garfield county but at lower elevations than Ole Forest. There no caves or rocky cliff's found in or near the project area, and the proposed activity should have no impact on Townsend's big -eared bat individuals or their habitat. Fringed myotic (i%fyntis tltysnnntles pnitttsnpensiS) Family: Microchiroptera Status: R2: sensitive The fringed myotis inhabits coniferous forests and woodlands, ponderosa pine, pinyon -juniper, greasewood, sagebrush and scrub oak. They roost in rock crevices, caves, mines, buildings and trees and hibernate in caves and buildings. Maximum known elevation is 7,500 feet. Breeding takes place in the fall with ovation, fertilization, implantation and gestation occurring in spring as sperm is stored overwinter in the female uterus. Up to several hundred females congregate in nursery colonies with wales remaining solitary while young are reared. The fringed myotis feeds on such arthropods as moths, daddy longlegs and beetles. The project area is above 8,000 feet in elevation, and is not likely habitat for this species. No fringed myotis have been documented in the area, therefore, the proposed action will have no impact on this species. Dwarf shrew (Sore v uamus) Family: Soricidae Status: R2: sensitive The dwarf shrew inhabits rock slides and rocky areas, marshes, wet meadows and moist portions of coniferous forests, but is less restricted to moist areas than other shrews. Young are born in June and July. Little is known about this insectivore although it is suspected in areas where habitat exists. Potential habitat Is not round in the project area therefore the proposed activity should have no impact on the dwarf shrew. River otter (Lutrn canadensis) Family: Mustelidae Status: R2: sensitive; CO: endangered River otters exist in streams and lakes where overhanging riparian vegetation is found. They prefer waters in hilly or mountainous terrain bordered by forests. Dens are usually in banks or abandoned beaver lodges, with the entrance under water. The river otter has a low tolerance for water pollution and human disturbance, although reduced stream flow, riparian destruction and trapping also contribute to its decline. River l ootterst. reintroduction duers tionhavis atio currently underway in Region 2, but none lave shedrand thethe e prW�ose 1 actiohite Rivern will nlaave no impact on this not been documented in the Beaver Creek watershed, species. Common loon (Gm'ia iuuner) Family: Gaviidae Status: R2: sensitive The common loon is found at large lakes or reservoirs, between 4,000 and 6,000 feet in elevation, which have sufficient vegetation along the edges for nesting. They nest either at the grassy edge of the water or on piles of debris on islands. The common loon feeds primarily on fish but will also supplement its diet with crustaceans and some water plants. This species is an uncommon fall migrant on the eastern plains, and rare in western valleys and mountain parks. It is a very rare summer resident in western valleys, and a very rare winter resident on the eastern plains. The common loon is not a resident of the Rifle Ranger District. The project habitat is not suitable for loon migration, therefore there will be no impact on this species or its habitat. American bittern (IJotaurus leuligiu�►us) Family: Ardeidae Status: R2: sensitive The American bittern inhabits cattail marshes and sometimes adjacent wet meadows and wetlands with tall emergent vegetation. They are a rare to uncommon spring and fall migrant and summer resident on the eastern plains and in mountain parks. In the western valleys, it occurs mostly at Browns Park National Wildlife Refuge in Moffat county, where the wetland is extensive. They occur most commonly below 6,000 feet and between 7,500 and 9,000 feet, This secretive species probably occurs in greater numbers than most observers are aware. aie laid American bitterns nest on a platform of dead reeds, cattails and sedges, a few inches above water. Eggs from April to July. They migrate north in mid-April and leave in mid-September. Bittern are entirely animal eaters, feeding on fish, tadpoles, frogs, salamanders, insects and mice. American bitterns are not residents of the Rifle Ranger District. There is no suitable migration habitat (marshes), therefore there will be no impact 00 this species or its habitat. White-faced ibis (Plegadis chihi) Family: Tlu•eskiornithidac Status: FWS: C2; 112: sensitive The white-faced ibis inhabits wetlands, preferably marshes or ponds loun�l surrounded by 4,000 and19,000 feet, but butand are emergent vegetation. During the summer and migrations they most commonly seen below 6,000 feet. They are a fairly common to uncommon spring migrant in the San Luis Valley; rare to uncommon (locally fairly common) spring 'co migrant irarcwestern m gran t inleys and western valleysther , n mountain rks; very rare spring migrant in mountains outside parks (14 records e Eggs are laid from May to July. White-faced ibis parks, with the main breeding area in the San Luis Valle migrate through Garfield county in April and May and may be seen on the shores of ponds, lakes, reservoirs or the Colorado River. They feed by probing in freshwater marshes or invertebrates, nv ribis ontthe Rifle fishes, iotl t usks, There worms, crustaceans and some snails. There are no reports o will be no impact on this species or their habitat. Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) Family: Accipitridae Status: 112: sensitive The osprey occurs on every continent except Antarctica and is not restricted to any one biotic community. In western North America they occur in forested wetlands along larger rivers,vet lakes fish. They and ever oirs. Ospreyirnrequire �uuire snags for perching and nesting near open water to feed on their main tspring and fall migrants in western valleys, mountains and in mountain parks at elevations of 4,000 to 10,000 , feet. Their is no suitable habitat in the project area, due to the lack of large rivers, lakes or reservoirs in the area. There will be no impact on osprey or their habitat. Northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) Family: Accipitridae Status: FWS: C2; R2: sensitive The northern goshawk inhabits mixed hardwood and coniferous forests in temperate and boreal regions from 7,500 to 11,000 feet in elevation. it is sometimes found below 7,000 feet in winter and during migration. It prefers woodlands with intermediate canopy coverage interspersed with fields or wetlands in remote areas. Goshawks prefer to nest in large hardwood trees 30 to 40 feet above the ground. They frequently select aspen, and occasionally select juniper, pine, spruce, and fir for nest construction in Region 2. Goshawks hunt for prey in dense woodlands, clearings and open fields. Prey consists of birds, mammals and insects. The northern goshawk is considered a rare to uncommon summer resident in western valleys, mountains parks, and on eastern plains. They have been documented on Middle Mamnl Creek on the Rifle Ranger District. The project area is possible goshawk habitat and should be surveyed in mid May of 1995 for a distance of 1/4 mile on either side of the proposed road improvement area. The project may adversely impact individuals, but is not likely to result in a loss. of viability on the planning arca, nor cause a trend toward federal listing or a loss of species viability range wide. Ferruginous Hawk (Buten regalis) Family: Accipitridae Status: FWS: C2; R2: sensitive Femiginous hawks inhabit grasslands, semidesert shrublands and sometimes pinyon -juniper woodlands. They occur most commonly from 4,000 to 6,000 feet in elevation. Breeding birds nest in isolated trees, on rock • outcrops, structures such as windmills and power poles, or on the ground. Ferruginous hawks are highly dependent on prairie dogs and black -tailed jackrabbits for food, with winter residents concentrating around prairie dog towns. They are a fairly common winter resident on the eastern plains of Colorado and uncommon summer resident locally on eastern plains and very locally in Moffat and Routt counties, along the Book Cliffs and in the Grand Valley. Ferruginous hawks nest from Febn►ary through July. Both habitat and elevation are unsuitable for this species on the project site, therefore, there will be no impact on ferruginous hawks or their habitat. Merlin (Falco colu,uharius) Family: Falconidae Status: R2: sensitive Merlins inhabit grasslands, agricultural areas, riparian forests, urban areas and forests interspersed with open, park -like grasslands, shrubby barrens and bogs. Merlins are found between 4,000 and 9,000 feet, but are most common around 7,000 to 8,000 feet in elevation. They use old crow, magpie or hawk nests, usually 15 to 35 feet above ground. They are rare to uncommon spring and fall migrants and winter residents in western valleys, mountain parks, and eastern plains; rare in the foothills and lower mountains. There are two confirmed breeding records in Colorado. One in Grand county (1877) and one in La Plata county (1887). Merlins nest in May and June Merlins have not been documented in the Beaver Creek watershed, and it is unlikely they use the area for breeding. There will be no impact to this species or their habitat. Greater sandhill crane (Gros ca,sadesssis) Family: Gruidae Status: FWS: C2; R2: sensitive; CO: endangered Greater sandhill cranes inhabit marshes and willow -lined drainages, often with beaver activity. Migrants occur on mudflats around reservoirs, in moist meadows, and in agricultural areas. Breeding birds are found in parks with grassy hummocks and watercourses, beaver ponds, and natural ponds lined with willows or aspens. Large flocks sometimes stop at reservoirs in both western valleys and eastern plains during spring and fall migration but flocks are frequently seen flying overhead in nonstop flight. Cranes begin migration from winter grounds in late Febn►ary to early March and arrive on breeding grounds late March to early April. They are typically found up to 8,000 feet in elevation. Cranes have been documented during migration on the Rifle Ranger District (West Divide Creek.). Breeding populations have been documented near Meeker and on Buzzard Creek. No breedeing sandhill cranes have been documented on the Rifle Ranger District. There will be no impact on sandhill cranes from the proposed action or on their habitat. Flammulated owl (alis flan:nsenlus) Family: Strigidae Status: R2: sensitive The flammulated owl inhabits old growth or mature ponderosa pine forests but will also inhabit ponderosa pine - Douglas fir forests often mixed with mature aspen. In some areas, birds are seen in pure aspen; some also occur in old growth pinyon -juniper woodlands. This species prefers forests with dense canopy covers close to relatively open areas. Flammulated owls are an uncommon to common summer resident in foothills and lower mountains and appear to be more common than most observers have realized. They are most common in western and southern Colorado. The flammulated owl migrates through the mountains. They are most commonly found between 4,500 and 7,800 feet, but will range up to 10,000 feet. They nest in old flicker holes or other woodpecker holes. Eggs are laid from early May to late June. Flammulated owls have been documented on the Rifle Ranger District, the nearest documentation on Mamm Creek. There is a great availability of continuous habitat surrounding the project area. The project "may adversely impact individuals, but is not likely to result in a loss of viability on the planning area, nor cause a trend to federal listing or a loss of species viability rangewide." Boreal owl (Aegolius fiuiereuis) Tamily: Strigidac Status: R2: sensitive The boreal owl inhabits mature spruce -fir or "'`'t"re �)e forests e interspersed with IlleadOWS. uncommon resident in They prefer extensive growth of stunted spruce nearopeng hi her mountains between 9,000 and 10,500 feet, and are accidental in lower mountains. 'I he first confirmed g breeding records were in 1981 and 1982 in Larime'� county. More t ion theiRille Ranger \Distf ict�il3oreal owls are has been . confirmed in Mesa, Delta and Ouray counties. They are [Eggs are laid from April to June. The nonmigratory and they nest in cavities or deserted woodpecker holes. Eggs' habitat is not suitable for Boreal owls in the project area and there should be no impact on the species. Black tern (Chlicloi,ins ,tiger) Family: Laridae Status: FWS: C2; R2: sensitive The black tern is found in taiga, plains and prairies where it inhabits shallow marshes, open areas of deeper marshes, natural ponds, lakes, fish and stock ponds, wet meadows, and e ether weattail tland areas adjacent tocomn monlyn water. between 4,000 and 8,000 feet in elevation). Breeding birds nest in large They are a common to abundant spring migrant and uncommon migrant in ii eco i n v rills esand resin Vocally, accidental in mountains outside parks (one record). Black terns are rareblack in mountain parks and on eastern plains, and were once common as a breeder in and amew small e alitfist els and grubs eed dblack iet consists of aquatic and land insects, worms, small mollusks, crustaceans, They migrate north in April with eggs laid from May to early August.There ihi reaare ori There o rds of will be no nesting1pact onith e on the Rifle Ranger District and it unlikely that this area is usedduring 6 black tern. Black swift (Cypseloides ?tiger) Family: Apodidae Status: R2: sensitive at Black swifts nest on precipitous cliffs near or behind high lowland�+hlabitalsthe Tl emountains. are rare uncomn on ls ally in high elevations widely over most montaine and adjacent most mountain ranges in Colorado except the San Juans whereilthey are ` ��ld; locally the++common to eastern plains.+131ack swifts are They are very rare in foothills and in western valleys, mountain parks most common from 7,500 to 10,500 feet. The nest is a round, shallow deep ecp cupe. fof mhey ud, moate north in or al aey and located on a ledge under overhanging rock, often behind a waterfall, , or in leave in September with eggs laid from June to July. `there is no suitable habitat for black swifts in the project area, therefore, there will be no impact on the species. Lewis' woodpecker (Melanerpes leii'is) Family: Picidae Status: R2: sensitive Lewis' woodpecker utilizes lowland and tbothill riparian <(' ih ii Il`agricultural +l�iicro+ls forests.hfhey are a common to n areas \vith tall deciduous trees, open ponderosa pine forest and logged locally common resident in valleys, plains, foothills and mesas in southern Colorado and rare and local in valleys and foothills north of Moffat county and east to Grand county in western Colorado. They are most common from 2,000 to 8,000 feet. Lewis' woodpeckers nest in cavities in snags, old stumps I.r oeld f is odpeer les. They r lests,fi�r�a e from winter range in April and May and from the summer range inSeptember. May to August and has a clutch of usually 6 or 7. The project area is not likely habitat for this species, therefore, there will be no impact on Lewis' woodpecker by the proposed action. Northern three -toed woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus) Fancily: Picidac Status: R2: sensitive The Northern three -toed woodpecker is a cavity nester that prefers spruce -fir forests, especially where sa pine, there s have been fires or large die -offs. Where insect populations are high, to be Grelsuppression andoccur in lloss of habitat. They are r and lodgepole pine forests. Causes for its decline are thought rare or locally uncommon residents in higher mountains and rare in lower mountaind s and oothin havepritai gh it insect in winter. At all seasons and elevations, this species is most common in years populations due to disease or fire. They are most common from 8,000 to Eggs 111T, s00rfee lelt.dThree-toed thio n-toeto woodpemid-Juckers feed primarily on insects, 75% of these are beetles. They do not migrate.gb Since the habitat for the proposed action is not primarily spruce-lir forest, there should be no impact on the three -toed woodpecker. Olive -sided flycatcher (Cofihipus borealis) Family: Tyrannidac Status: 112: sensitive The olive -sided flycatcher breeds primarily in mature spruce-lir or Douglas lir forests especially 00 steep slopes or near cliffs, and less oRen in other types of coniferous forests, niontaine and foothill riparian, aspen forests. 111 migration, they occur in all types of wooded habitats between 4,000 and 8,000 feet in elevation. During the summer they are most commonly found around 7,000 feet. They are an uncommon summer resident in mountains, primarily in higher mountains; rare to uncommon locally in lower mountains and foothills. They are an uncommon spring and fall migrant in western valleys, lower mountains, mnountain in `fork , oolitilll,ees eand 00 th by e eastern plains. Nests are found in tall conifers, =1O to 50 feet above the gr u t I this species for singing posts and perching, for successful courtship and breeding. Breeding Bird Survey data show that this species was declining sharply" in western North America r the propose7I 9. AAlthoughhouctivity gh the ethabitat of the project area is suitable for the olive -sided flycatcher, the elevation I io! utsor elevations used by the species, therefore it is believed that the project will not impact this species. Purple martin (Pronge suhi%) Family: Ilirundinidae Status: 112: sensitive The purple martin prefers habitats near open water including grassy river bottoms, shores of lakes or reservoirs and the meadows around ponds. They occur most commonly from 6,000 to 10,000 feet in elevation, and only very rarely below 6,000 feet. They breed in loose colonies in old growth aspen forests near parks and generally near water, and are also seen in mixed aspen -ponderosa pine or aspen -Douglas fir forests. In some areas they will nest in dead trees near or standing in reservoirs. In migration they appear over riparian areas, open agricultural areas, and reservoirs. They have been documented in nearby watersheds of the Rifle Ranger District. Because of the lack of open water in the proposed project area, the action should have no impact on purple martins. Golden -crowned kinglet (Regulus sntraprr) Family: Muscicapidae Status: 122: sensitive Golden -crowned kinglets breed in mature, dense spnice-fir forests and rarely in limber pine and Douglas fir forests. In winter they occur in coniferous forests (especially Douglas fir or ponderosa pine) but also in other types such as pinyon -juniper woodlands, foothill and lowland riparian forests, and in planted conifers in parks, cemeteries and residential areas in the lowlands. They are a resident in higher mountains and seem to be more y mon r in w common west of the Continental Divide; uncommon to fa(;,o t cronunon froma8,500tto'Ie1,r500tfeet�T h�e nest is r mountains and foothills; rare in western valleys. They are cup -shaped and constnicted from moss and lichens. Eggs are laid From April to July. There will be no impact on the breeding habitat of the golden -crowned kinglet. Pygmy nuthatch (Sitta pygnmea) Family: Sittidae Status: R2: senitivet The pygmy nuthatch occurs primarily in ponderosa pine forests,but may also t ems inhabi rare in tnaIn �rta(1 an where. d Summit counties, it is commonly found in lodgepole pine forests, They wander rarely to Douglas fir and pinion -juniper woodlands, and e ieln li�otrells rare nd 10 o spre ce-ir forests and from lowland riparian forests. They are a fairly common to common resident Meas, Grand and Larimer counties southward. Pygmy nuthatches are etlf ost ccommon betweechn 5 early ly and 9, 000 0h feet. There are no reports from northwestern Colorado. Cavity nest two broods are raised during the summer. Human population expansion c,ulting ind populationtflgfClecline5 (Inhere n ponderosa (ler sa o pine forests have caused a Toss of trees with suitable nestpygmy y suitable habitat in the project area, therefore thea will be no impact on the 1n nuthatch. Loggerhead shrike (Lanius ludul'iciafuis) Family:Laniidae Status: FWS: C2; R2: sensitive Loggerhead shrikes inhabit open country with available � lookout perches. ��' �. iys�s►n l5er shnrhlands especially the western, central and southwestern United States, in agricultural semidesert shrublands and chaparral types (they prefer very open stands). Loggerhead shrikes are most common at elevations from 4,000 to 6,000 feet. They are rare to uncommon in mountain parks, and there are no confirmed breeding records in mountain parks. The project area is outside of the habitat and usual breeding elevation requirements for the loggerhead shrike and therefore, there will be no impact on the species. Fox sparrow (Passerella iliacs) Family: Emberizidae Status: R2: sensitive The fox sparrow breeds in riparian willow shrublands and wet, willow -grown meadows. In migration and winter they inhabit wooded riparian areas below 5,000 feet. In summer ltheycon mon summer ccur t commonly resider t between �ntn mountains. They 10,000 feet in elevation. Fox sparrows are an uncommon to fairly are widespread west of the Continental Divide, but local and less common in eastern Colorado. They are &rare spring and fall migrant in foothills and mountain parks and accidental in winter in western valleys and eastern plains. The nest is built on the ground in thickets or on the edge of a bog and is constnicted of twigs, mosses, roots, dried grasses, weed stems, chips and shreds of bark hox sparrows arrive in the mountains in late March and depart in early October. Eggs are laid from May to July. The project may have a beneficial impact on fox sparrow habitat since it will be relocating the road farther away from Beaver creek. DRAFT IV. Recommendations 1. It is recommended that the original road, which is being reconstructed nearby, be obliterated. Reseeding and creating natural barriers to prevent further use by recreational vehicles is recommended. 1. Maintenance on the new road is recommended to prevent any sedimentation or siltation overflow into Beaver Creek. 2. An additional Goshawk survey should performed in mid-May of 1996 for a distance of 1/4 mile on either side of the proposed road constriction. V. Determinations Based on sections II, III, IV, V, and VI as provided in this Biological Evaluation, it is my determination: 1. The proposed action will not effect any of the Federally listed Threatened or Endangered species. 2. The proposed action may impact Flammulated owls. The project may adversely impact individuals, but is not likely to result in a loss of viability on the planning area, nor cause a trend toward federal listing or a loss of species viability range wide. 3. The proposed action may impact the Northern Goshawk. The project may adversely impact individuals, but is not likely to result in a loss of viability on the planning area, nor cause a trend toward federal listing or a Toss of species viability range wide. 4. All other Federal Candidate species and Region 2 Sensitive species will have no impact from the proposed project. 5. The proposed action, including obliteration of road being replaced, will be an improvement to the area. Literature Review Andrews, R., R.Righter. 1992. Colorado Birds -A reference to their habitat and distribution. Denver Museum of Natural History. 442pp. Archer, D.L., L.R.Kaeding, B.D.Burdick, & C.W.McAda. 1985. A study of the endangered fishes of the Upper Colorado River. Final Report -Cooperative Agreement, 14-16-006-82-959. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Grand Junction, CO. 134pp. Barrett, N.H., M.Overly. 1992. Species of Concern Field Guide. Routt National Forest. Behnke, R.J. & D.E.Benson. 1980. Endangered and Threatened Fishes oldie Upper Colorado River Basin. Cooperative Extension Service, Colorado StateUniversity, Fort Collins, CO Bulletin 503A. Bureau of Land Management. 1991. Final EIS: Colorado Oil and Gas Leasing and Developement. Colorado State office, Lakewood, CO. Burt,W.H., R.P.Grossenheider. 1976. Peterson field guide to mammals of America north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston MA. 289pp. Carter J.L. 1988 Trees and Shrubs of Colorado. Johnson Books. Boulder, CO. Colorado Bird Atlas Partnership. 1994. Proof listings for priority blocks on the Rifle Ranger District. c/o Zoology Department, Denver Museum of Natural I listory, Denver,CO. Colorado Division of Wildlife (publ.) 1988 Colorado Bird Distribution Latilong Study Colorado Division of Wildlife (publ.) 1984. The hats of Colorado: Shadows in the night. Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Projects, FW -26-P. 24pp. Craighead, J.J., F.C.Craighead & R.J.Davis. 1963. Peterson Field Guide. Rocky Mountain Wildflowers. Houghton Mifflin Company. Boston, MA. Grode, J. 1994. Forest Service Biologist. Rifle Ranger District. Provided list of Region 2 Sensitive Species occuring on the Rifle Ranger District, White River National Forest. Rifle, CO. Hammerson, G.A. 1986. Amphibians and Reptiles in Colorado. Colorado Division of Wildlife. DOW -M -I-3-86. 131 pp. Harrington, H.D. 1954. Manual of the Plants of Colorado. Sage Books, Denver, CO.666pp. Holden, P.I3. & E.J.Wick. 1982. Life Ilistory and prospects for recovery of Colorado sduawlish. In W.I I. Miller, H.M.Tyus & C.A.Carlson, Eds, Fishes of the upper Colorado River systems, present and future. Western Division, Am. Fish Soc., Bethesda, Maryland. Miller, R.R. 1946. Gila cypha, a remarkable new species of cyprinid fish from the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona. J. Washington Acad. Sci. 36:409-415. Renner. 1992. Sandhill Crane Report. Colorado Division of Wildfire Annual Report on sandhill crane studies in northwestern Colorado, 1991. Schrader, P. 1994. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Current list of Federally Endangered Species and Federal Candidate Species. Grand Junction, CO. Seethaler, K.I-I. 1978. Life history and ecology of the Colorado squawlish (Ptychocheilus luck's) in the upper Colorado River Biological Assessments. M.S. Thesis, Utah state University, Logan, Utah. Thompson, J. 1994. Bureau of Land Management. Fisheries Biologist. Personal communication. Glenwood Springs, CO. Tibbitts, T.J., M.K.Sogge, & S.J.Sferra. 1994. A Survey Protocol for the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher. Technical Report NSP/NAUCPRS/NRTTR-94/04.Colorado Plateau Reaserch Station at Northern Arizona University. U.S.D.A. Forest Service 1992. Management Recommendations for the Northern Goshawk in the Southwestern United States. U.S.D.A. Forest Service. 1981. Wildlife and Fish I-Iabitat Relationships. Volume I Narratives. Range and Wildlife Management, Rocky Mountain Region.