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HomeMy WebLinkAbout02977 • 1 * -1 GARFIELD COUNTY BUILDING AND SANITATION DEPARTMENT Permit 2977 109 8th Street Suite 303 - Assessor's Parcel No. Glenwood Springs, Colorado 81601 Phone (303) 945 -8212 1 This does not constitute INDIVIDUAL SEWAGE DISPOSAL PERMIT ' a building or use permit. PROPERTY p �� Owner's Name_f � e et j� D J Present ss sent Address 018 ft /I ! v W S a Phone ! C//�/4 t / 3 ` T ' System Location 0 °�01 `-'"fore `�'ep f "1� J ,ems F r A et Legal Description of Assessor's Parcel No. JYS&nnK MPS jtf k' q 4 q J SYSTEM DESIGN Co// Septic Tank Capacity (gallon) Other 1 r V l .P ercolation Rate (minutes /inch) Number of Bedrooms (or other) /� Required Absorption Area - See Attached S / NA M O /1/4( C r Special Setback Requirements: J I • Date 2-3 --9e Inspector 5 ( /A FX 1 S. 1 P • z FINAL SYSTEM INSPECTION AND APPROVAL (as installed) Call for Inspection (24 hours notice) Before Covering Installation System Installer C) IA, N F A Septic Tank Capacity 1 S o 0 Septic Tank Manufacturer or Trade Name 9 0 0 S (D Al / )■ C • Septic Tank Access within 8" of surface \/ t S Absorption Area 3 et A_ rt`, C N F S 0 t 1 r I Absorption Area Type and /or Manufacturer or Trade Name V / 0 ` of F F 0 S Cd S Adequate compliance with County and State regulations /requirements ' Other t -city /� / _.� Date •-• > r Q Inspector A ( t 6 CJ RETAIN WITH RECEIPT RECORDS AT CONSTRUCTION SITE *CONDITIONS: 1. All installation must comply with all requirements of the Colorado State Board of Health Individual Sewage Disposal Systems Chapter 25, Article 10 C.R.S. 1973, Revised 1984. 2. This permit Is valid only for connection to structures which have fully complied with County zoning and building requirements. Con- nection to or use with any dwelling or structures not approved by the Building and Zoning office shall automatically be a violation or a requirement of the permit and cause for both legal action and revocation of the permit. 3. Any person who constructs, alters, or installs an individual sewage disposal system in a manner which involves a knowing and material variation from the terms or specifications contained in the application of permit commits a Class I, Petty Offense ($500.00 fine — 8 months in )all or both). White - APPLICANT Yellow - DEPARTMENT ' INDIVIDUAL SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM APPLICATION OWNER. FQw ff�`StL ADDRESS C')/A? f4-1/ wAt avt. PHONE qt 39,50 CONTRACTOR 41 ADDRESS PHONE PERMIT REQUEST FOR (y) NEW INSTALLATION ( ) ALTERATION ( ) REPAIR Attach separate sheets or report showing entire area with respect to surrounding areas, topography of area, habitable building, location of potable water wells, soil percolation test holes, soil profiles in test holes (See page 4). LOCATION OF PROPOSED FACILITY; Near what City of Town &I+EnliN:cod Size of I.ot /r D" Legal Description or Address Uji t3 vt P,3.4Nr rn£ WASTES TYPE: ( DWELLING ( ) TRANSIENT USE ( ) COMMERCIAL OR INDUSTRIAL ( ) NON - DOMESTIC WASTES ( ) OTHER - DESCRIBE BUILDING OR SERVICE TYPE: f4&rr1 4 Number of Bedrooms al 5 Number of Persons Z ( ) Garbage Grinder (S.c) Automatic Washer (j' Dishwasher SOURCE AND TYPE ()F WATER ST JPPI .Y: 04, WELL ( ) SPRING ( ) STREAM OR CREEK If supplied by Community Water, give name of supplier: West 6 rt ,}4e-'c H DISTANCE TO NEAREST COMMUNITY SEWER SYSTEM: O)» IC/u0- Was an effort made to connect to the Community System? AP A site plan is required to be submitted that indicates the following MINIMITMSIistances: Leach Field to Well: 100 feet Septic Tank to Well: 50 feet Leach Field to Irrigation Ditches, Stream or Water Course: 50 feet Septic System to Property Lines: 10 feet YOUR INDIVIDUAL SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM PERMIT WILL NOT BE ISSUED WITHOUT A SITE PLAN, (iROM ND CONDITIONS; Depth to first Ground Water Table ON K^' °1 Age t TPA' GU Percent Ground Slope 1'x go 2 1 • TYPE OF INDIVIDUAL SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM PROPOSED: (.- SEPTIC TANK ( ) AERATION PLANT ( ) VAULT ( ) VAULT PRIVY ( ) COMPOSTING TOILET ( ) RECYCLING, POTABLE USE ( ) PIT PRIVY ( ) INCINERATION TOILET ( ) RECYCLING, OTHER USE ( ) CHEMICAL TOILET ( ) OTHER - DESCRIBE FINAL DISPOSAL BY: (4 ABSORPTION TRENCH, BED OR PIT ( ) EVAPOTRANSPIRATION ( ) UNDERGROUND DISPERSAL ( ) SAND FILTER ( ) ABOVE GROUND DISPERSAL ( ) WASTEWATER POND ( ) OTHER - DESCRIBE WILL EFFLUENT BE DISCHARGED DIRECTLY INTO WATERS OF THE STATE? Arm PERCOLATION TEST REST II TS: (To be completed by Registered Professional Engineer, if the Engineer does the Percolation Test) Minutes per inch in hole No. 1 Minutes per inch in hole NO. 3 Minutes per inch in hole No. 2 Minutes per inch in hole NO. _ Name, address and telephone of RPE who made soil absorption tests: CIL r 0.1 ?Semi 94 .)-soq DA .J Dow Nf .'ra Name, address and telephone of RPE responsible for design of the system: 4 cd" f- °s Coe_ o aor'"i 014 - A-2 - la( c5'ri s /rnr/^'sor Applicant acknowledges that the completeness of the application is conditional upon such further mandatory and additional tests and reports as may be required by the local health department to be made and furnished by the applicant or by the local health department for purposed of the evaluation of the application; and the issuance of the permit is subject to such terms and conditions as deemed necessary to insure compliance with rules and regulations made, information and reports submitted herewith and required to be submitted by the applicant are or will be represented to be true and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief and are designed to be relied on by the local department of health in evaluating the same for purposes of issuing the permit applied for herein. I further understand that any falsification or misrepresentation may result in the denial of the application or revocation of any permit granted based upon said application and in legal action for perjury as provided by law. Signed ` Date 5 l r" _ R PLEASE DRAW AN ACCURATE MAP TO YOUR PROPERTY!! 3 07A29/98 WED 15:31 FAX 1 970 945 5948 SCHMUESER GORDON MEYER 0001 — 2 9 77 ENau'MSERS ---.. "0";,., SURVE C i t3 West 6th. Suite 200 (970) 945 - 1004 u "�" Eaa" Glenwood Springs, CO 81601 sasstir FAX (970) 945-5948 GORDON MEYER 4 ' } July 29; 1998 Mr 'sei airway Lane Glenwood Springs CO 81601 RE: Proposed Helsel Residence 0301 Dolores Circle, Lot 13. Westbank Mesa Ranch Glenwood Springs, Garfield County, Colorado Dear Fred; Per your request, we have further refined the individual sewage disposal system design for the Helsel residence to be located at the aforementioned location. The purpose of this refinement is to eliminate, in the calculations, the use of a garbage disposal for the system. By not using a garbage disposal on the syste e total number of infiltrator units (using the standard infiltrator chambers) i ,m ersus th CD nits when considering the use of a garbage disposal in the system. In conclusion, if It Is your preference not to provide a garbage disposal In your residence, you may reduce the number of infiltrator units to 45 total. This would equate to three trenches of 1_5 infiltrators each. Upon eipt of this letter, if you have any questions or comments, please don't hesitate to call. !goo 3.9_ - 3. T Sincerely, , SCHMUESER GORDON MEYER, INC. Jeff r y it} S. IS imonso P.E. poet - It• Fax Note 7671 Dan._2Q I 1 I JSS lac 980/60A.1 To From CoA •p 4W no ,, AJC n , Paone e r Phone Fax vivo 778'5 Fax a 1 1 Individual Sewage Disposal System Design For Helsel Residence Prepared by Jefferey S. Simonson, P.E. for Fred Helsel June 5, 1998 1 .,.r✓..,.�,. .am....b era/ '. a w�. ENGINEERS SURVEYORS • S (970) 945 -1004 SCHMUESER GM 118 West 61h, Suite 200 FAX (970) 945 -5948 GORDON MEYER Glenwood Springs, CO 81601 June 5, 1998 Mr. Fred Heisel 0187 Fairway Lane Glenwood Springs, CO 81601 RE: Individual Sewage Disposal (ISDS) Report Proposed Heisel Residence, Lot 13, Westbank Mesa Ranch Garfield County, Colorado Dear Mr. Heisel: Per your request, Schmueser Gordon Meyer has evaluated the design of the proposed septic system to service the residential flows from the proposed Heisel Residence located at Lot 13 West Bank Mesa Ranch in Garfield County, Colorado. Based upon review of your drawings, we understand that the design of the individual sewage disposal system will be designed for a five bedroom home. CTL- Thompson has conducted an on -site soils investigation (ie., perc test), and we have attached the results herein. CTL- Thompson has identified an average percolation rate for this property to be 60 minutes per inch. The soils investigation did not identify the presence of ground water or bedrock within the upper eight feet of soil at the site of the disposal field. A summary of the observed soil types identified that the septic system (or leach field system) is to be installed in stiff to very stiff, slighty moist, silty to sandy clays with clayey sand lenses and scattered gravels. Based upon the percolation test results and the soil observations, it appears that a standard leach field system can be installed on this site. This, of course, assumes that setback requirements can be met in accordance to Colorado State Health Department regulations. Accordingly, we have attached a table from the Colorado Department of Health ISDS regulations which identify the required setbacks for each component of the septic system installed. The proposal for this site as far as method of disposal considers the use of a standard "infiltrator" system. This system, as proposed, will be installed in a trench -type fashion. Accordingly, we have attached manufacturer's product information regarding the infiltrator and the infiltrator system installation. To briefly describe the septic system as a whole, it is proposed to collect the effluent from the main waste line from the house to a 1500 gallon septic tank. Please note that this 1500 gallon concrete septic tank does have alternative installations available. These alternative installations can be considered, considering the fact that no evidence of high groundwater is present. The alternative installations that can be considered with this type of septic tank is that of a fiberglass septic tank also equal to 1500 gallons. We have not provided information as to a specified manufacturer or product line for fiberglass septic tank. • Please note that the septic tank must be located at least five feet away from the residence. In addition, the effluent line leaving the house and going to the septic tank must be straight in alignment and straight in grade. If it is deemed necessary that any change in alignment and/or grade in this main line from the house to the septic tank is required, a cleanout will be necessary to accompany the installation. This main line coming from the house to the septic tank must be a minimum specification ASTM 2729 PVC pipe of minimum 4" diameter. The grade of the pipe must be at a minimum of per foot. If it becomes necessary that the main line must cross a traveled area (i.e. vehicular access), we would then recommend that the pipe specifications increase in strength to no longer utilize an ASTM 2729 designation but rather use a Schedule 40 PVC. To compensate for differential settling between the septic tank and the incoming and outgoing piping, we would recommend that the piping coming into and leaving the septic tank be sleeved in a 6" diameter cast iron pipe or Schedule 40 PVC. Once the effluent line leaves the septic tank, it will need to proceed towards the infiltrator trench system at a' /4" per foot grade. Again, the minimum diameter of this pipe would need to be that of 4 ". We would recommend that, from this point to the infiltrator system, location of the infiltrator system and piping be coordinated such that no vehicular access is allowed over the piping or the infiltrator system. Additionally, with this recommendation, we would then maintain that the ASTM 2729 PVC piping be utilized. For the disposal system itself, we would recommend that three infiltrator trenches be installed. We have attached our calculations which define the length of infiltrator trench necessary as well as the number of infiltrator units necessary per trench. The closest spacing that the infiltrator units can be installed is 10 feet on center. The infiltrator units must be placed in a flat trench. We have attached a sketch which identifies the typical piping requirements to equally distribute flow to each of the infiltrator trenches. As previously discussed, we have attached the manufacturer's literature regarding the infiltrator system. With that manufacturer's literature is a detailed list of instructions regarding the septic system installation. You will note that the backfill required over an infiltrator trench is that of native backfill. This native backfill is acceptable for fill over the trenches as long as 6" and larger rock is not allowed in the backfill. The minimum requirement of 12" of cover over the infiltrator system is also identified. Please note that the infiltrator must be installed in an excavated trench and not in fill. As mentioned throughout this report, a number of attachments are included with this report. Please find the following list which identifies specifically the attachments in order: 1. Calculation of leach field and septic system sizing. 2. Table of minimum horizontal setbacks. 3. Percolation test results. 5. Schematic plan view of septic system installation. SCHMUESER GORDON MEYER, INC. 6. Sketch of the standard infiltrator chamber. 7. Infiltrator manufacturer's literature. 8. Septic system installation instructions (from Infiltrator manufacturer literature). Some general notes that must be mentioned regarding any septic system installation are as follows: 1. All materials, installation practices and setback requirements shall comply with Garfield County Individual Sewage Disposal System Regulations. 2. The infiltrator trench shall be constructed so that the bottom level of the trench is ± 0.1 inches. Place trench in natural ground, no portion of the trench shall be placed in fill. Once backfilled, provide positive drainage way from the trenches. 3. The area disturbed by construction shall be reseeded by native grasses to prevent erosion. 4. Use risers as needed to bring septic tank access hatches within 6" of finish grade. 5. Locate septic tank such that the access to the tanks can be accommodated for future pumping. 6. The contractor and owner shall take whatever measures are necessary to assure that (a) the septic tank and sewerlines are completely water -tight to prevent infiltration of groundwater into the system, and (b) the system is installed to prevent freezing of the gravity sewerlines. No irrigation to be allowed over trenches. 7. The engineer and Garfield County Department shall be notified when construction commences and kept abreast of the construction progress so that sufficient inspections can be performed to assure conformance with this report. 8. It is the contractor's responsibility to verify all locations of utilities and setbacks that may be affected by the installation of the septic system. Verification of all utility locations shall be made with the appropriate utility company. 9. Substitution of materials (i.e., pipe, tanks, etc.) is acceptable provided verification and acceptance by the engineer and the Garfield County Building Department is made. As you can gather from reading this report, we are leaving the specifics, (i.e., exact location, grades and elevation) of the installation of the system to the contractor and/or yourself. It is SCHMUESER GORDON MEYER, INC important to note, however, that the location of the septic system must be provided in the same general location of that identified with the boring logs of CTL- Thompson. In essence, if the septic system is located on a site different than where the percolation test was taken, verification of the perc rates must be made by SGM prior to final installation of the leach field. If it is determined that the information as provided is not of sufficient detail for your contractor and/or yourself to construct the system, please notify us immediately and we can provide a detailed construction plan for the system. To accommodate such a detailed construction plan, SGM would have to coordinate with yourself collection of detailed topography in the area of the proposed septic system. Aside from the comments just made, I hope this information is of sufficient detail to accommodate your needs in installing this septic system. If you have any questions or comments, please don't hesitate to call. Sincerely, SCHMUESER GORDON MEYER, INC. I I) 1 �p0 REB ga1U U RWgy , j I � � /a 4 il isi2r . i ' 4 f . IIN ---/XIN --- cl // AO 't Jef 7 .:Simonson, P.E. ' 26152 So • W JSS:Ic /98060A /� �, , Enclosure aW iniono��a SCHMUESER GORDON MEYER, INC INDIVIDUAL SEWAGE DISPOSAL CALCULATIONS FOR PROPSED HEISEL RESIDENCE. LOT 13. WESTBANK MESA RANCH. GARFIELD COUNTY. COLORADO 1. DETERMINE FLOWS: 5 BEDROOM IN PROPOSED RESIDENCE 2 PERSONS /BEDROOM /DAY 75 GALLONS PER PERSON PER DAY TOTAL AVERAGE DAILY FLOW = (5)(2)(75)= 750 GPD 2. FROM CTL THOMPSON REPORT: PERCOLATION RATE FOR DESIGN 60.0 MINUTES PER INCH. 3. REQUIRED SEPTIC CAPACITY: FOR A 5 BEDROOM HOME= 1500 GALLONS 4. DETERMINE FIELD AREA: FOR ABSORPTION: WHERE: A= ((Q)SQRT(T)) /5 A =FIELD AREA A= ( (750)SQRT(60.0)) /5 Q =FLOW RATE A= 1161.9 SQUARE FEET T =PERCOLATION RATE 5. PEAK FLOW AT 150% PER COLORADO DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH REGULATIONS AND ADJUST FIELD SIZE ACCORDINGLY. A= 1.5x1161.9= 1742.85 SQUARE FEET 6. AREAL ADJUSTMENT TO BED SIZE FOR USE OF INFILTRATOR. DECREASE AREA BY A FACTOR OF 40% A= 1742.85x0.6= 1,045.7 SQUARE FEET 7. AREAL ADJUSTMENT TO BED SIZE FOR WASHER AND DISPOSAL. (FACTOR BY 1.4 AND 1.2) A= 1,045.7x1.4x1.2= 1,756.8 SQUARE FEET 8. DETERMINE AREA OF EACH INFILTRATOR TRENCH. (ASSUME 3 TRENCHES) A= 1,756.8/3= 585.6 SQUARE FEET/TRENCH 9. DETERMINE NUMBER OF INFILTRATOR UNITS PER TRENCH. (USING STANDARD INFILTRATOR CHAMBER WITH 18.75 SQUARE FEET PER UNIT) NO. OF UNITS= 585.6/18.75 = 31.2 UNITS/TRENCH (USE 32 UNITS/TRENCH) 10. TOTAL UNITS IN INDIVIDUAL SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM: 32x3= 96 INFILTRATOR UNITS (STANDARD INFILTRATOR CHAMBERS) • NOTE: SETBACK FROM HOUSE TO TANK = 5 FT. MIN. PROPOSED RESIDENCE SETBACK FROM HOUSE TO TRENCH= 25 FT. MIN. • 4" DIA. ASTM 2729 PVC PIPE AT 1 /4 " /FT. SLOPE DISTRIBUTION LATERALS 4" DIA. ASTM 2729 PVC PIPE SEPTIC TANK AT 1 /4 "/FT. SLOPE NOTE: ALTHOUGH NOT HEADER PIPE REQUIRED, INSTALLATION 4" DIA. ASTM 2729 OF INSPECTION PORTS PVC AT 0% SLOPE AT THE BEGINNING OF (IE., FLAT) EACH DISTRIBUTION NOTE: INSTEAD LATERAL IS RECOMM- OF INSTALLING THE - - _ ENDED. HEADER PIPE, THE CONTRACTOR MAY OPT TO PLUMB EACH PIPE TO INF. TRENCH • USE EQUAL # OF INFILT. DIRECTLY FROM THE • - UNITS PER TRENCH SEPTIC TANK.) (TRENCHES TO BE INSTALL 4" DIA. LAID FLAT AND PARALLEL VENTS (1 PER TO SLOPE.) TRENCH AT THE - - - END OF INFILTRATOR RUN(S) I 10' MIN. + 10' MIN. CENTER OF CENTER OF CENTER OF TRENCH TRENCH TRENCH HEISEL RESIDENCE SCHEMATIC PLAN VIEW OF SEPTIC SYSTEM INSTALLATION May 6, 1998 Mr. Fred Hisel 0187 Fairway Lane Glenwood Springs, CO 81601 Subject: Percolation Test Results Hisel Residence Lot 13, West Bank Mesa Ranch Garfield County, Colorado Job No. GS -2386 Gentlemen: As requested, we performed percolation testing at the subject site. The purpose was to determine the percolation rate of the soils at the proposed location. This letter describes soils encountered in the exploratory borings drilled for percolation testing and presents percolation test results. Our exploratory borings penetrated 0.5 feet of organic sandy clays underlain by stiff to very stiff, slightly moist, silty to sandy clays with clayey sand lenses and scattered gravels. No free ground water was found in our exploratory borings during our field investigation. We performed percolation testing on May 1, 1998 in our percolations borings which were prepared and saturated the day before. Test results are presented on the attached Figures 1 through 3. We recommend a design percolation rate of 60 minutes per inch. We appreciate the opportunity to work with you on this project. If you have questions, please call. Very truly yours, CTUTHOMPSON, INC. Revi .P. .�. :- Wilson L. "Li Mi . -7r / ` h Engineering Geologist - ranch Ma : gef. ° v ti e�yyee \ ;;. (3 copies sent) CTL /THOMPSON, INC. CONSULTING ENGINEERS 234 CENTER DRIVE • GLENWOOD SPRINGS. COLORADO 81601 • (970) 9452809 SATURATION AND PREPARATION PERCOLATION TEST DATE: 4/30/98 DATE: 5/01198 TIME AT START OF SATURATION: 5:30pm WATER IN BORING AFTER 24 HOURS YES X NO PERCOLATION TEST RESULTS DEPTH TO WATER HOLE DEPTH TIME AT TIME CHANGE PERCOLA- NUMBER (INCHES) START OF INTERVAL IN WATER TION RATE INTERVAL (MINUTES) START OF END OF DEPTH (MIN /INCH) INTERVAL INTERVAL (INCHES) (INCHES) (INCHES) - P -1 22.5 2:17 15 9.5 9.75 0.25 60 2:32 15 9.75 10.0 0.25 60 2:47 15 10.0 10.25 0.25 60 3:02 15 10.25 10.5 0.25 60 3:17 15 10.5 10.75 0.25 60 3:32 15 10.75 10.75 - - 3:47 15 8.5 8.75 0.25 60 4:02 15 8.75 9.25 0.5 30 4:17 15 9.25 9.5 0.25 60 4:32 • Job No. GS -2386 Fig. 1 SATURATION AND PREPARATION PERCOLATION TEST DATE: 4/30198 DATE: 5/01/98 TIME AT START OF SATURATION: 5:30 pm WATER IN BORING AFTER 24 HOURS _ YES NO PERCOLATION TEST RESULTS DEPTH TO WATER HOLE DEPTH TIME AT TIME CHANGE PERCOLA- NUMBER (INCHES) START OF INTERVAL IN WATER TION RATE INTERVAL (MINUTES) START OF END OF DEPTH (MIN/INCH) INTERVAL INTERVAL (INCHES) (INCHES) (INCHES) P -2 30.0 2:19 15 23.6 23.76 0.25 60 2:34 15 23.75 23.75 -- - 2:49 15 23.75 23.75 - - 3:04 15 23.75 23.75 -- - 3:19 15 20.75 20.75 -- 3:34 15 22.0 22.25 0.25 60 3:49 15 22.25 22.75 0.5 30 4:04 15 22.75 23.0 0.25 60 4:19 15 23.0 23.25 0.25 60 4:34 Job No. GS -2386 Fig. 2 SATURATION AND PREPARATION PERCOLATION TEST DATE: 4/30/98 DATE: 5/01/98 TIME AT START OF SATURATION: 5:30 pm WATER IN BORING AFTER 24 HOURS YES ... NO PERCOLATION TEST RESULTS DEPTH TO WATER HOLE DEPTH TIME AT TIME CHANGE PERCOLA- NUMBER (INCHES) START OF INTERVAL IN WATER TION RATE INTERVAL (MINUTES) START OF END OF DEPTH (MIN /INCH) INTERVAL INTERVAL (INCHES) _ (INCHES) (INCHES) P -3 24.0 2:21 15 16.0 16.25 0.25 60 2:36 15 16.25 16.5 0.25 60 2:51 15 16.5 16.75 0.25 60 3:06 15 16.75 16.75 -- - 3:21 15 14.5 14.75 0.25 60 3:36 15 14.75 15.0 0.25 60 3:51 15 15.0 15.0 -- - 4:06 15 24.75 25.0 0.25 60 4:21 15 25.0 25.25 0.25 60 4:36 Job No. GS -2386 FIg. 3 C 0 .-■ 1 U F 0 U T e K O .1 vl x v) vl , n O O e5 U x -1 r t l x N .-1 - H .-1 .-1 O 91 r is K U - V J :/ O .-1 E 4 GI C 7 J O C H Y U O :-3 x vl ic O K p 1n 1 /) vl ul 141 N q .-1 VI K N x ✓1 K vl N N N N N Ca ,-7 N u K K K L CO O H 3 -1 [M H W M z y o o ..-t o o O o 0 0 o O wti° n o U a El ›. r_in 14 14 co E - 4 U Q Z U O ✓ 1 O O O O O O 1 C Hi N '-1 .-1 .-i .-1 "1 g a. 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